Welcome to an enchanting journey through the bustling streets and vibrant halls of Shanghai’s middle schools! Nestled within the heart of China’s dynamic metropolis, these institutions stand as beacons of academic excellence, cultural diversity, and youthful ambition. As we embark on this exploration, prepare to be captivated by the captivating tales of students, teachers, and the unique educational landscape that shapes their futures.
Shanghai, a city steeped in history and modernity, boasts a rich tapestry of educational institutions that have garnered global recognition for their academic achievements. Among them, its middle schools hold a special place, as they form the crucial bridge between childhood and adolescence, guiding young minds toward the path of knowledge, self-discovery, and character-building.
Beyond the towering skyscrapers and bustling markets, the classrooms within these schools are vibrant hubs of intellectual curiosity and growth. Shanghai’s educational system, renowned for its emphasis on mathematics, science, and critical thinking, has consistently ranked high in international assessments. However, these schools are not mere factories of academia; they celebrate the arts, sports, and extracurricular activities, nurturing well-rounded individuals with diverse interests and talents.
Join us as we delve into the heart of Shanghai’s middle schools, unearthing stories of resilience, creativity, and the pursuit of dreams. From the traditional neighborhoods of the old city to the modern suburbs, each school boasts its unique culture, reflecting the city’s fascinating blend of tradition and innovation.
Throughout this journey, we will meet passionate teachers, inspiring mentors who shape the minds of future leaders, and compassionate individuals who go above and beyond to ensure their students’ success. Moreover, we’ll get a glimpse of the vibrant friendships and camaraderie that blossom within these lively campuses, creating memories that will last a lifetime.
Beyond the academic rigor, we’ll explore how Shanghai’s middle schools cultivate a strong sense of community and social responsibility. The values of respect, diligence, and teamwork form an integral part of their educational fabric, equipping students not only for academic excellence but also for a meaningful and fulfilling life.
So, dear readers, fasten your seatbelts as we embark on this exhilarating expedition through Shanghai’s middle schools. With every turn of the page, you’ll discover the essence of what makes these institutions truly remarkable – the unwavering determination of young minds, the guidance of compassionate mentors, and the promise of a brighter tomorrow. Let the journey begin!
Best 5 Middle Schools in Shanghai:
1. Britannica International School, Shanghai
In the vibrant cosmopolitan city of Shanghai, where the past harmoniously meets the future, lies a prestigious educational institution that stands as a beacon of excellence – the Britannica International School, Shanghai. Renowned for its commitment to nurturing young minds with a global perspective, Britannica International School has established itself as a leading name in international education. With a comprehensive curriculum, dedicated faculty, state-of-the-art facilities, and a diverse community, the school provides students with an enriching environment to flourish academically, socially, and emotionally.
Embracing the World:
At the core of Britannica International School’s philosophy is the belief that a global mindset is crucial for today’s youth to thrive in an interconnected world. The school’s diverse student body represents over 50 nationalities, fostering an inclusive and culturally rich environment. Students have the unique opportunity to interact with peers from different backgrounds, gaining valuable insights into various cultures and perspectives. This international exposure prepares them to become compassionate and open-minded global citizens, ready to embrace the challenges and opportunities of an increasingly interconnected world.
Academic Excellence:
Britannica International School’s commitment to academic excellence is evident in its rigorous and holistic curriculum. The school follows the highly regarded National Curriculum of England, enhanced with an international perspective that prepares students for the globally recognized International Baccalaureate (IB) program. This blend of educational approaches ensures that students receive a well-rounded education, combining intellectual inquiry, critical thinking, and practical skills.
The school’s experienced and passionate faculty play a pivotal role in the student’s academic journey. They create a supportive and stimulating learning environment, encouraging students to explore their interests, pursue their passions, and reach their full potential. Small class sizes further facilitate personalized attention, allowing teachers to cater to individual learning needs effectively.
Beyond the Classroom:
Britannica International School recognizes the importance of holistic development and offers an array of extracurricular activities to enrich students’ learning experiences. From sports to arts, music, drama, and community service, the school provides ample opportunities for students to explore their interests and talents beyond academics.
The school’s commitment to sports and physical fitness is reflected in its excellent sports facilities and participation in local and international competitions. The arts and cultural programs foster creativity and self-expression, encouraging students to appreciate and participate in various art forms.
Moreover, Britannica International School places great emphasis on cultivating social responsibility and empathy. The school’s community service initiatives provide students with opportunities to engage in meaningful projects, locally and globally, making a positive impact on society.
State-of-the-Art Facilities:
Nestled on a picturesque campus, Britannica International School offers state-of-the-art facilities that enhance the learning experience. Modern classrooms equipped with advanced technology create an engaging and dynamic learning environment. The school’s well-stocked library nurtures a love for reading and research, while science and computer labs provide students with hands-on experiences in these essential fields.
The campus also boasts extensive sports facilities, including indoor and outdoor sports areas, swimming pools, and play spaces, promoting physical well-being and a healthy lifestyle.
Parental Involvement:
Britannica International School values the partnership between parents and educators. Recognizing that parents play a crucial role in their children’s development, the school actively involves them in their children’s educational journey. Regular parent-teacher meetings, workshops, and events provide opportunities for parents to understand their child’s progress and actively participate in their learning process.
| Feature | Description |
|---|---|
| School Name | Britannica International School, Shanghai |
| Location | Shanghai, China |
| Curriculum | National Curriculum of England with an international perspective |
| Age Range | 2 to 18 years old |
| Accreditation | International Baccalaureate (IB) World School |
| Student Body | Over 50 nationalities represented |
| Faculty | Experienced and dedicated teachers |
| Class Sizes | Small class sizes for personalized attention |
| Extracurricular Activities | Sports, arts, music, drama, community service |
| Facilities | State-of-the-art classrooms, library, labs, sports facilities, etc. |
| Parental Involvement | Regular parent-teacher meetings, workshops, and events |
| Global Perspective | Emphasizes the importance of a global mindset |
| Inclusivity | Fosters an inclusive and culturally rich environment |
| Languages of Instruction | English |
| Campus Setting | Picturesque campus with modern facilities |
2. Dulwich College Shanghai Pudong
Nestled amidst the bustling energy of Shanghai’s Pudong district, Dulwich College Shanghai Pudong (DCSP) stands as an esteemed institution, renowned for its commitment to academic excellence, holistic development, and fostering global citizenship. With a legacy spanning over a century, Dulwich College Shanghai Pudong has forged a path of innovation and tradition, creating a nurturing environment that empowers students to excel in all aspects of life. From its world-class facilities to its passionate educators, the college continues to uphold its reputation as a beacon of educational brilliance in China.
Heritage and Legacy:
Dulwich College Shanghai Pudong is part of the illustrious Dulwich College International (DCI) family, a network of schools that originated from the prestigious Dulwich College in London. Established in 2003, DCSP is one of the pioneers of international education in Shanghai, upholding the esteemed traditions and values of its founding institution while embracing the dynamism of the modern world.
The school’s rich heritage is a source of pride, and it continuously draws upon its historical foundations to craft a unique educational experience that blends East and West, tradition and innovation, into a seamless tapestry of learning.
Academic Excellence:
At the heart of Dulwich College Shanghai Pudong lies an unwavering commitment to academic excellence. The school follows an enriched British-based curriculum, drawing from the best practices of the UK’s National Curriculum, and enhances it with an international perspective. From Early Years to Senior School, students are nurtured in an environment that encourages curiosity, critical thinking, and a love for learning.
The college’s academic programs are designed to inspire intellectual curiosity, creativity, and a passion for exploration. With a focus on personalized learning, small class sizes, and a dedicated faculty, students receive individual attention, ensuring they reach their full potential academically.
Holistic Development:
Beyond academic achievements, Dulwich College Shanghai Pudong emphasizes holistic development, recognizing that a well-rounded education is key to producing responsible and compassionate global citizens. The school’s co-curricular and extracurricular activities offer a plethora of opportunities for students to explore and develop their interests and talents.
The college places great importance on sports, arts, and community engagement. Whether on the sports field, on the stage, or through community service projects, students are encouraged to embrace challenges, build resilience, and foster a strong sense of camaraderie.
Diverse Community and Global Perspective:
Dulwich College Shanghai Pudong prides itself on its diverse and inclusive community. With students representing over 40 nationalities, the school celebrates the richness of cultural diversity. This environment not only exposes students to different perspectives but also fosters a deep understanding and appreciation of various cultures and backgrounds.
The college actively promotes a global perspective, instilling in students a sense of responsibility towards the world and the people around them. Through collaborations with other Dulwich College International schools and global partnerships, students are exposed to a myriad of opportunities for international exchange and learning.
Inspiring Faculty and State-of-the-Art Facilities:
At Dulwich College Shanghai Pudong, it is the dedicated and passionate educators who breathe life into the school’s vision. Highly qualified and experienced, the faculty members serve as mentors, guiding students on their academic and personal journeys.
The college’s state-of-the-art facilities complement its commitment to excellence. From modern classrooms equipped with the latest technology to purpose-built sports facilities, art studios, and science labs, the campus provides an enriching environment for learning, creativity, and self-discovery.
Parental Partnership and Community Involvement:
Dulwich College Shanghai Pudong believes in the importance of a strong partnership between the school, parents, and the wider community. Regular communication, parent-teacher conferences, and involvement in school events create a cohesive support system that fosters the overall well-being and growth of each student.
Additionally, the college actively engages with the local community, participating in various charitable initiatives and service projects, making a positive impact on the lives of others, and cultivating a sense of social responsibility.
| Feature | Description |
|---|---|
| Name | Dulwich College Shanghai Pudong |
| Location | Shanghai, Pudong district, China |
| Establishment | 2003 |
| Affiliation | Part of the Dulwich College International network |
| Curriculum | Enriched British-based curriculum with an international perspective |
| Age Range | Early Years to Senior School |
| Faculty | Highly qualified and experienced educators |
| Class Sizes | Small class sizes for personalized attention |
| Co-Curricular Activities | Sports, arts, community service, and extracurricular clubs |
| Diversity | Students from over 40 nationalities represented |
| Global Perspective | Emphasis on fostering global citizenship and understanding |
| Facilities | State-of-the-art classrooms, sports facilities, arts studios, labs, etc. |
| Parental Partnership | Regular communication, parent-teacher conferences, and involvement in events |
| Campus Setting | Urban campus with modern facilities |
| Community Engagement | Active involvement in local charity and service projects |
| Legacy | Heritage from Dulwich College in London |
3. YK Pao School
Nestled in the vibrant city of Shanghai, YK Pao School stands tall as a beacon of excellence in international education. Established in 2007, the school carries forward the visionary legacy of Mr. Yung-Kan Pao, a renowned Chinese educator and philanthropist. YK Pao School has earned a distinguished reputation for its commitment to academic rigor, holistic development, and nurturing global citizens with a deep sense of cultural awareness. With its comprehensive curriculum, innovative teaching approaches, and emphasis on leadership, the school has become a nurturing haven for young minds eager to shape the world’s future.
Philosophy and Vision:
At the core of YK Pao School’s philosophy lies the belief that education must transcend borders and cultures, preparing students to navigate an increasingly interconnected world. The school’s vision is deeply rooted in fostering intellectual curiosity, critical thinking, and a profound understanding and appreciation of both Chinese and global cultures.
Drawing inspiration from the late Mr. YK Pao’s dedication to education, the school aims to create a learning environment that nurtures young leaders, instills integrity, and empowers students to be agents of positive change in their communities and beyond.
Academic Excellence:
YK Pao School’s commitment to academic excellence is evident in its rigorous and comprehensive curriculum. The school offers a unique bilingual education program that seamlessly blends Chinese and Western educational philosophies. The curriculum is designed to challenge students while providing a nurturing and supportive environment for their academic growth.
The faculty, consisting of experienced educators and subject specialists, play a pivotal role in guiding students on their academic journey. Encouraging students to explore diverse subjects, engage in critical inquiry, and develop a passion for learning, the school aims to mold well-rounded individuals equipped with the knowledge and skills to thrive in an ever-changing world.
Leadership and Character Building:
Beyond academic achievements, YK Pao School places great emphasis on character-building and leadership development. The school believes that true leaders possess not only academic brilliance but also strong ethical values, empathy, and social responsibility.
Through various leadership programs, extracurricular activities, and community service initiatives, students are encouraged to take initiative, collaborate with their peers, and contribute positively to society. These experiences foster resilience, teamwork, and an understanding of the broader global challenges, thus preparing students to become responsible and compassionate leaders.
Cultural Awareness and Language Proficiency:
In line with its mission to nurture global citizens, YK Pao School places significant importance on cultural awareness and language proficiency. Mandarin Chinese and English are both integral components of the curriculum, ensuring students become bilingual and culturally adept.
The school’s commitment to cultural diversity is evident in its celebration of Chinese festivals and international events. This exposure to different cultures enables students to develop a profound appreciation for their own heritage and the cultures of others.
Innovation and Technology:
YK Pao School embraces innovation and technology to enhance the learning experience. Modern classrooms are equipped with cutting-edge technology, facilitating interactive and immersive learning. The school integrates technology into various subjects, encouraging students to adapt to the digital age while maintaining a critical and discerning approach to technology use.
| Feature | Description |
|---|---|
| Name | YK Pao School |
| Location | Shanghai, China |
| Establishment | 2007 |
| Founder | Mr. Yung-Kan Pao |
| Philosophy | Cultivating global citizens with a deep sense of cultural awareness |
| Vision | Fostering academic excellence, leadership, and character building |
| Curriculum | Unique bilingual education blending Chinese and Western educational philosophies |
| Languages of Instruction | Mandarin Chinese and English |
| Faculty | Experienced educators and subject specialists |
| Leadership Programs | Opportunities for leadership development and character building |
| Community Service Initiatives | Encouraging social responsibility and contributing to society |
| Cultural Awareness | Celebrating Chinese festivals and embracing international events |
| Technology Integration | Utilizing modern technology to enhance the learning experience |
| Global Connections | Collaborations with international educational institutions |
| Exchanges and Immersion Programs | Providing students with opportunities for global experiences |
3. Shanghai Hong Qiao International School
In the bustling cosmopolitan city of Shanghai, where tradition meets modernity, stands Shanghai Hong Qiao International School (HQIS), an esteemed educational institution dedicated to providing a world-class education to students from diverse backgrounds. Established with a mission to nurture young minds into compassionate, innovative, and globally aware individuals, HQIS has become a beacon of excellence in international education. With its inclusive learning environment, innovative teaching methodologies, and commitment to cultural understanding, the school serves as a bridge between East and West, fostering students’ intellectual growth and shaping them into responsible global citizens.
An Inclusive and Diverse Community:
At the heart of Shanghai Hong Qiao International School lies a deep commitment to inclusivity and diversity. With a student body representing over 40 nationalities, the school celebrates the richness of cultural backgrounds within its community. This diversity is more than just a statistic; it is the lifeblood of the school, creating an environment where students learn to appreciate and respect each other’s unique perspectives and heritage.
The celebration of cultural diversity at HQIS extends beyond the classroom, with the school actively organizing multicultural events and activities that foster cross-cultural understanding and unity.
Academic Excellence and Beyond:
HQIS places a strong emphasis on academic excellence, guided by a rigorous and comprehensive curriculum that draws from both Eastern and Western educational traditions. The school’s qualified and dedicated faculty members are committed to fostering a love for learning, critical thinking, and intellectual curiosity in their students.
Beyond academics, HQIS recognizes the importance of holistic development. The school offers a wide range of extracurricular activities, including sports, arts, music, drama, and community service. These activities not only help students discover their passions and talents but also instill important life skills such as teamwork, leadership, and resilience.
International Baccalaureate (IB) Program:
As part of its commitment to excellence and global education, Shanghai Hong Qiao International School offers the renowned International Baccalaureate (IB) program. The IB curriculum, known for its inquiry-based approach and emphasis on intercultural understanding, aligns perfectly with the school’s mission to nurture global citizens.
The IB program empowers students to think critically, ask meaningful questions, and engage with complex global issues. Through a balance of academic rigor, creativity, and service learning, students are prepared to become compassionate, informed, and responsible individuals equipped to make a positive impact on the world.
Language Proficiency:
HQIS recognizes the significance of language proficiency in today’s interconnected world. The school offers language programs that support students in developing fluency in English, Mandarin Chinese, and other languages. Being bilingual or multilingual equips students with a valuable skill set, fostering cross-cultural communication and opening doors to international opportunities.
Global Citizenship and Community Service:
At Shanghai Hong Qiao International School, the spirit of global citizenship is embedded in the school’s ethos. Students are encouraged to participate in community service projects and engage in meaningful initiatives that contribute positively to society.
Through community service, students gain a deeper understanding of social issues, develop empathy, and learn the importance of giving back. This commitment to social responsibility nurtures students who are not only academically accomplished but also compassionate and proactive change-makers.
State-of-the-Art Facilities:
The learning environment at HQIS is supported by state-of-the-art facilities that enhance the educational experience. Modern classrooms, well-equipped science and computer labs, libraries, and artistic spaces provide students with the tools and resources they need to explore, create, and excel in their academic pursuits.
| Feature | Description |
|---|---|
| Name | Shanghai Hong Qiao International School (HQIS) |
| Location | Shanghai, China |
| Establishment | Year Established: [Please insert the specific year] |
| Mission | Nurturing compassionate, innovative, and globally aware individuals |
| Diversity | Student body representing over 40 nationalities |
| Curriculum | Comprehensive, drawing from both Eastern and Western educational traditions |
| Faculty | Qualified and dedicated educators |
| Extracurricular Activities | Sports, arts, music, drama, community service, etc. |
| International Baccalaureate (IB) | Offers the renowned IB program |
| Language Proficiency | Programs supporting English, Mandarin Chinese, and other languages |
| Global Citizenship | Emphasis on fostering global citizenship and community service |
| State-of-the-Art Facilities | Modern classrooms, labs, libraries, and artistic spaces |
4. Deutsche Schule Shanghai
Nestled in the vibrant city of Shanghai, Deutsche Schule Shanghai (DSS) stands as a symbol of German educational excellence and cultural exchange. Established in 1995, DSS has been a prominent player in Shanghai’s international education landscape, offering a holistic and immersive German-language learning experience to students from diverse backgrounds. With a deep commitment to academic rigor, cultural awareness, and fostering global citizenship, Deutsche Schule Shanghai has become a cherished institution for German expatriates, local families seeking a German-language education, and international students keen to explore the richness of German culture and language.
An Embrace of German Culture and Language:
At the heart of Deutsche Schule Shanghai lies a passion for preserving and promoting German culture, language, and traditions. The school follows the German educational system, offering an education that is recognized by both Germany and the state of Shanghai.
DSS’s commitment to German-language education is evident in its immersive language programs. From kindergarten to high school, German remains the primary language of instruction, enabling students to develop fluency in both spoken and written German.
Academic Excellence and Dual Certification:
Deutsche Schule Shanghai is dedicated to academic excellence, combining the best of German and international educational standards. The school’s rigorous curriculum is designed to challenge students intellectually and foster a love for learning.
Students at DSS have the unique advantage of pursuing the German International Abitur (DIAP), which equips them with the qualification to enter German and international universities seamlessly. Simultaneously, the school prepares students for the International Baccalaureate (IB) program, offering a broader global perspective and preparing them for the challenges of an interconnected world.
Cultural Immersion and Understanding:
Beyond language proficiency, DSS places great emphasis on cultural immersion and understanding. The school organizes cultural events, German festivals, and exchange programs with schools in Germany, allowing students to experience the essence of German culture firsthand.
Cultural understanding is a core aspect of the DSS community. The school celebrates the diversity of its student body, comprising German expatriates, local families, and students from various nationalities. This multicultural environment fosters cross-cultural exchange, encouraging students to appreciate and respect diverse perspectives.
Global Citizenship and Community Engagement:
Deutsche Schule Shanghai instills in its students a strong sense of global citizenship and community engagement. Through community service projects and social initiatives, students learn the value of social responsibility and develop empathy towards others.
The school’s commitment to sustainable development and environmental awareness aligns with the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), providing students with opportunities to actively contribute to a more sustainable and equitable world.
Sports, Arts, and Extracurricular Activities:
Deutsche Schule Shanghai recognizes the importance of holistic development and offers a wide range of sports, arts, and extracurricular activities. From music and drama to sports and creative arts, students have ample opportunities to explore their passions and talents beyond academics.
| Feature | Description |
|---|---|
| Name | Deutsche Schule Shanghai (DSS) |
| Location | Shanghai, China |
| Establishment | 1995 |
| Language of Instruction | German |
| Curriculum | German educational system with dual certification (DIAP and IB) |
| Cultural Immersion | Emphasis on promoting German culture and traditions |
| Global Citizenship | Fostering a sense of global citizenship and community engagement |
| Multicultural Environment | Diverse student body from German expatriates, local families, and international students |
| Academic Excellence | Rigorous curriculum to challenge students intellectually |
| Language Proficiency | Immersive German-language programs for fluency |
| Cultural Exchange | Cultural events, festivals, and exchange programs with schools in Germany |
| Sports and Arts Programs | Offering a variety of sports, arts, and extracurricular activities |
| Facilities | State-of-the-art campus facilities to support learning and exploration |
| Parental Involvement | Active involvement and support from parents |
5. Harrow International School Shanghai
Nestled amidst the dynamic cityscape of Shanghai, Harrow International School Shanghai (HISS) stands as a prestigious institution that embodies the essence of British education with a global outlook. Established in 2016, the school carries forward the legacy of Harrow School in London, founded in 1572, and has quickly become a beacon of excellence in international education. With its unwavering commitment to academic rigor, holistic development, and fostering leadership qualities, Harrow International School Shanghai nurtures young minds to become compassionate, innovative, and responsible global citizens.
The Harrow Ethos:
At the heart of Harrow International School Shanghai lies the Harrow ethos – a set of principles that guide the school’s approach to education. The Harrow values of courage, honor, humility, and fellowship are instilled in every aspect of school life, creating a nurturing and supportive environment for students to thrive.
The school’s focus on character development, instilling core values, and building a strong sense of community fosters well-rounded individuals who embody the Harrow spirit throughout their lives.
Academic Excellence:
Harrow International School Shanghai places a strong emphasis on academic excellence, offering a robust curriculum that follows the British National Curriculum, enriched with elements of international education. The school is committed to challenging students to achieve their full potential, fostering critical thinking, creativity, and a love for learning.
The faculty members, many of whom are recruited from the finest educational institutions around the world, play a pivotal role in guiding students on their academic journey. Small class sizes enable personalized attention, ensuring that each student receives the support they need to succeed.
Holistic Development:
Beyond academic achievements, Harrow International School Shanghai recognizes the importance of holistic development. The school offers a wide range of co-curricular and extracurricular activities that cater to students’ diverse interests and talents.
From sports to arts, music, drama, and community service, students have ample opportunities to explore and develop their passions. These activities not only enrich their educational experience but also promote teamwork, leadership, and personal growth.
Leadership and Character Building:
Leadership is an integral part of the Harrow ethos, and Harrow International School Shanghai is dedicated to nurturing leadership qualities in its students. Through various leadership programs, opportunities for student council involvement, and community service projects, students learn to lead with integrity, empathy, and a commitment to making a positive impact on the world.
| Feature | Description |
|---|---|
| Name | Harrow International School Shanghai (HISS) |
| Location | Shanghai, China |
| Establishment | 2016 |
| Ethos | Embodying the Harrow values of courage, honor, humility, and fellowship |
| Curriculum | British National Curriculum with elements of international education |
| Academic Excellence | Commitment to challenging students and fostering critical thinking |
| Faculty | Experienced educators from around the world |
| Holistic Development | Offering a variety of co-curricular and extracurricular activities |
| Leadership Building | Nurturing leadership qualities through programs and student council involvement |
| Cultural Understanding | Embracing cultural diversity and fostering a global outlook |
| State-of-the-Art Facilities | Modern classrooms, labs, libraries, sports facilities, etc. |
| Parental Partnership | Strong partnership with parents through regular communication and involvement |
| Community Involvement | Active engagement in charitable initiatives and community service projects |
Final Thoughts
In conclusion, Shanghai middle schools offer a diverse and enriching educational experience for students in this bustling city. With a wide range of public, private, and international schools, parents and students have the opportunity to choose an institution that aligns with their unique preferences and educational goals.
Public middle schools in Shanghai are known for their academic rigor and emphasis on preparing students for high-stakes exams. The comprehensive curriculum and focus on core subjects contribute to strong academic foundations and can lead to excellent results in standardized tests.
On the other hand, private middle schools in Shanghai often provide a more well-rounded education, combining academics with co-curricular activities and character development. These schools often have smaller class sizes, allowing for more individualized attention and fostering a sense of community among students.
International middle schools in Shanghai cater to both expatriate and local families seeking an education with a global perspective. These schools offer a blend of international curricula and cultural diversity, preparing students to become open-minded, empathetic, and globally-aware individuals.
